The authors propose a new approach to conceptualizing and conducting public diplomacy, defined as a process of informing and convincing foreign publics, especially those in the Muslim world, that the ideals Americans cherish-such as pluralism, freedom, women's rights, and democracy — are fundamental human values that will resonate in their own countries. The approach they propose sharply differentiates public diplomacy from the marketing of commercial goods and services, focusing instead on the central roles of constituencies and adversaries in public diplomacy. Associated with this consideration are two questions rarely addressed in most discussions of public diplomacy: